The following 3D models of atoms are initial designs. Since several forces act on each nucleon, their exact configuration and distances are task for computational simulations. The above suggestions should therefore be considered as a starting point for further optimization. Atom nuclei cannot be considered static. Distances between nucleons are stretched and shortened as possible, nucleons tilt, twist and, if the configuration allows, even rotate. These are manifestations of the thermal energy of the atom and, among other things, have an effect on the melting temperature. The location of the electrons is also symbolic, because they oscillate in the radial direction around their equilibrium state and this can change significantly depending on the surrounding conditions. Especially compared to the bond angles of chemical bonds such as in CH4 can be misleading because these angles are often a kind of average of different positions, as will be shown in a specific case later. On the other hand, the bond angles of double bonds provide an interesting comparison with reality. The basic atom configuration should be considered as a certain equilibrium state.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the simplest element. An atom contains only a proton and an electron. It can be found in the literature that its covalent radius is approx. 31 pm Van der Waals radius is approx. 120 pm. According to the theory described above, it can be assumed that the first value represents the equilibrium distance of the electron and the second its maximum oscillation distance under normal conditions. It is probably the only atom where an electron can truly orbit around the atomic nucleus without restriction. The way hydrogen crystallizes confirms that its radial and axial sides are different. So the assumption of planarity of the atom. The atom itself, or the cation created from it, i.e. the proton, creates the impression of a sphere by rotating its angular momentum axis in the space.
Deuterium
Deuterium is stable isotope of hydrogen that contains an extra neutron in its nucleus. According to the above theory, this atom should have a higher covalent radius and also a lower electronegativity. On the other hand, it can be assumed that the proton and neutron orbit each other, which reduces the effect of the neutron on the proton. Even in this case, the electron can orbit the nucleus, but its movement is also controlled by the neutron orbiting the proton.
Tritium
Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with a half-life of 12.3 years. The decay product is 3He (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium). Tritium contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus. This arrangement proves that one proton is able to keep two neutrons in a pair for a long time. The attractive force between neutrons is much weaker than the attractive force between neutrons and proton. It can be assumed that due to the movement of the atom, the distance between the two neutrons will be variable. Neutrons will move away from each other and then collide with each other, which is probably the cause of radioactivity. The 3D model is depicted in the next figure.
Figure 25. 3D model of 3H atom
Helium 3He
Helium 3He is a minor but stable isotope of Helium. It is created, among other things, by the decay of tritium (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3). This arrangement proves that one neutron is able to keep two protons in a pair. Although, as in the case of tritium, the bond between the protons is much weaker than the bond between the protons and the neutron, in this case the two electrons play the role of an additional bond, which strengthens the bond between the two protons. The 3D model is depicted in the next figure.
Figure 26. 3D model of 3He atom
Helium 4He
Helium 4He is probably the largest stable 2D atom. It contains two protons and two neutrons in the nucleus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium#/media/File:Helium_atom_QM.svg
In this configuration, it contains a total of four very strong neutron-proton interactions and two weaker neutron-neutron and proton-proton cross interactions. This arrangement guarantees a very high strength of the core. Considering this fact, it is likely that the pulsation of individual particles will be strongly limited and the electrons will be located close to the nucleus. Which is consistent with the reported covalent radius of 28 pm. Although the elements 3He and 4He are considered to be isotopes of the same element, they are actually completely different substances. So much so that their liquefied forms are immiscible. This is caused by a completely different arrangement of electrons in atoms, as can be seen from the following picture. Because of this, it is likely that 3He, unlike 4He, will tend to form 3He2 molecules like most gases. The 3D model is depicted in the next figure.
Figure 27. 3D model of 4He atom
The arrangement of the nucleus probably allows electrons to orbit the nucleus, but the equilibrium distance of the electron from the nucleus is not a circle, but rather will resemble a distorted ellipse, as shown in the following figure.
Figure 28. Probable shape of an electron orbital in a 4He atom
An electron orbital is always composed of at least two neighboring nucleons’ RIEs. In the direction of the most intense RIE of each nucleon, shown by a thick arrow, the weaker RIE of both neighboring nucleons, shown by thin arrows, also acts. This unique arrangement then gives 3D atoms very fundamental properties, whether it is the shape of the crystal lattice, conductivity, or ionizability, as will be discussed in more detail below.
The boiling point of 4He at normal pressure is only 4.2 K. Its value is therefore even 16 K lower than the boiling point of molecular hydrogen. This is because the nucleons are very close together in the nucleus and have only a minimal chance to adjust their RIE to form a bond with another molecule. The attractive forces are therefore very weak and therefore the thermal energy of the atom must drop very low for this force to manifest itself and create a liquid phase. If we were to try to estimate the basic characterization of the crystal lattice, then, as in the case of hydrogen, it would be a planar arrangement, where adjacent plates would always be shifted so that the atomic nuclei would always be located below and above the center of the crystal cell of adjacent plates. Under normal pressure, it is not possible to obtain a crystalline state. The minimum pressure to create solid helium is approximately 26 bar.
https://archive.org/details/ComptesRendusAcademieDesSciences0183/page/n25/mode/2up
This is because the helium nucleus, unlike the proton itself, see the hydrogen crystal lattice, is not capable of developing even a small attractive force in the axial direction. Neutrons themselves are practically not capable of this axial interaction at all, and the protons present are in such a strong interaction with neutrons that this their ability is strongly suppressed (see the chapter Weight and gravity). The individual plates must be aligned with each other using force, i.e. pressure.
The crystal structure of 4He can be found on this page.
https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/helium/crystal_structure_pdb.html
Figure 29. Probable crystal lattice of 4He
This is the same crystal lattice as in the case of atomic hydrogen. As for the arrangement of the cell, there are theoretically two main possibilities. First, neighboring nuclei will be oriented towards each other with their nucleons, i.e. protons and neutrons. If we imagine the nucleus in a simplified way as a square, then this is the orientation of the vertices. However, in these directions their RIE has the highest intensity and it is likely that the distance in the crystal lattice between neighboring atoms would be longer. Then the second option is that the atoms will be oriented towards each other with the sides of an imaginary square. Such a crystal lattice is shown in the following 3D model.
Figure 30. 3D model of 4He crystal lattice
The 4He nucleus is characterized by a huge total axial surface area. This surface area reacts repulsively to incoming interaction energy. The question is, what orientation does the 4He nucleus try to adopt to incoming interaction energy, whether it is gravitational energy, i.e. the Earth’s IE, the interaction energy of the container in which the 4He is enclosed, or the applied electrical voltage, and how does this relate to its superfluidity or superconductivity?
Due to the tight arrangement of nucleons, it can be assumed that the entire skeleton will pulsate simultaneously. The frequency will be controlled by those particles that tend to have a higher pulsation frequency (protons or neutrons). his parameter also plays a significant role in the formation of 3D atoms.